
It’s doctoring time! In HSF, we learned how to do basic exams, but now in A&D, we’ll be starting to diagnose patients.
In the introductory lecture, Dr. Razka tells us that in a study, a group of first-year medical students and a group of “soccer Moms” tor teenage children were both given the same med school test, full of clinical scenarios. Suprisingly, the mothers did much better than the med students!
“Why is that?” he asks. A student promptly replies, “Because mommies know everything!”
The reasons why include that the mothers have more years of life experience, so they’ve observed illnesses in themselves, their families and partners.
“You will surpass mothers,” Dr. Razka tells us. But he urges us to remember: “Listen to mothers.”
***
We med students were paired up and given a time slot in which we’d meet a standardized patient (SP). We’d then play-act running through a clinical visit with the patient, in which we’d attempt to diagnose what disease the SP was acting out.
In diagnosing, we use an algorithm Dr. Razka’s proposed, essentially the same philosophy espoused by Jerome Groopman in his book How Doctors Think. Both urge to use a very logical method to diagnose instead of mere “pattern recognition”. Otherwise, you might fixate on an incorrect diagnosis and ignore all the contradictory data.
To illustrate that, Dr. Razka quickly shows us the photo you see at the top of this post. Like most everyone, at first glance you might think it says, “Paris in the spring”. Look again. Your brain might overlook what’s glaringly obvious when you really examine it.
Here’s the algorithm we’re taught:
1. Learn the context. Get the patient’s name, age, gender, living situation, etc.
2. What is the patient’s chief complaint? (e.g. “I have a cough”, or “I’ve been feeling tired recently.”)
3. Generate a hypothesis. Make a list of the things the patient could have. If they’re tired, for instance, things that jump to mind include cancer, infection, anemia, etc.
4. Note the patient’s general appearance. Do they look anxious? Well-dressed? Is there alcohol on their breath?
5. Get the History of Patient Illness (HPI). We learned this in HSF. Describe your fatigue. How severe is it? Have you tried to treat it? What makes it better? Worse? etc.
6. Get Historical Information. Have you had this kind of fatigue before? Has anyone in your family had this? What medicines are you currently taking?
7. Check for risk factors. Do you use tobacco? Alcohol? Tell me about your diet. What do you do for exercise?
8. Refine your hypothesis. If you’ve learned that the patient has stopped eating all meat, for instance, you might suspect anemia due to iron deficiency.
9. Review of systems (ROS). Think about the different systems in the body that you might want to check or examine when you do a physical examination. You might check the patient’s respiratory system and lymphatic system, for instance, to check for infection.
10. Perform the physical examination.
11. Make a decision. If there seems to be no signs of infection or cancer, I’d suspect anemia due to iron deficiency.
12. Confirm your assessment. Order necessary tests to double-check. For anemia, I’d do a CBC and a peripheral blood smear.
13.Generate a differential diagnosis. Ideally you have a list of backup conditions that could be responsible for the patient’s symptoms. After all, what if you’re wrong?
And of course, the question underpinning this whole process is this: What can’t you afford to miss?
As for my partner and I, we end up working well and finishing well within the time limit. And we not only decide on what’s most likely wrong, but we generate alternative explanations. Very awesome.
***
We have a small group on Thursday to discuss some clinical cases about thrombosis and bleeding. We get the day off after Clinical Skills. I go to the Office of Medical Education (OME) to select a white coat size for my White Coat Ceremony next month, and to look at the Box.
The Box is a sealed cardboard box that’s been in the OME since the beginning of the course. The box can be taken out of the OME for an hour at a time. We can’t open it, of course, but we are allowed to shake, roll, etc. the box to determine what’s in it.
“Don’t bother,” someone tells me. “Someone already got a CT scan of the box. Isn’t that smart?”
I dunno. I admit I considered getting an X-ray, but I decided against it. For me, at least, it would not have been sporting.
***
On Friday, we do a Case of the Week lecture first thing in the morning, which is exactly what it sounds like. Then Dr. Dostmann returns to give lectures on metal poisoning. Again, he’s slightly alarmistic, but he does have some basis. Just a few days ago, there were reports of cadmium being found in cheap imported trinkets being sold in the US, since (at least based off of what I’ve heard) safety standards don’t apply to them since they’re not considered toys.
Then Dr. Razka does a Week review and Block review. He brings out the Box. The point, he explains, was to test our observation and descriptive skills, since that’s a major part of what we do as Doctors. He then opens the Box and reveals…
But that’s a secret. You’ll just have to come to med school at UVM to find out what it is.
Josh Pothen (UVM’s Meager Med Student)
Donate $1 to The Meager Med Student! 
Why donate?